Transfer of immunity against Nipah virus from mother to child confirmed for the first time

Dhaka, Bangladesh, 24 January 2023 – Recently, a novel finding by the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR), Government of Bangladesh, icddr,b, and partners published in the journal of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease have confirmed the transfer of humoral immunity against Nipah Virus (NiV) from mother to newborn baby for the first time. This paper described novel information on the vertical transfer of immune properties.

According to the World Health Organisation, the mortality rate for NiV is estimated at 40% to 75% and in Bangladesh it is about 71%. The survivors of NiV infection suffer from severe neurological complications. Moreover, there is a high chance that these symptoms worsen progressively when a survivor becomes pregnant and approaches the term.

In January 2020, a baby girl aged below five years and her mother from the Faridpur district of Bangladesh were infected with NiV. Both had a history of raw date palm sap consumption and were diagnosed as confirmed NiV cases. Unfortunately the daughter passed away, and the mother survived with significant residual neurological impairment. She was conceived in November 2021 and was under thorough antenatal follow-up by the National Nipah surveillance authority. A healthy male baby was born in August 2022. As part of the follow-up, specimens were collected and tested for NiV infection at the reference laboratory to exclude vertical transmission. Although tested negative for anti-Nipah IgM and PCR for NiV, a high titer of anti-Nipah IgG was observed. The transfer of humoral immunity against NiV from the mother to the neonate was confirmed for the first time.

The study's lead researcher, Dr Syed Moinuddin Satter, Assistant Scientist & Deputy Project Coordinator, Emerging Infections, Infectious Diseases Division at icddr,b said, "To best of our knowledge, this finding is the first to report the vertical transfer of NiV-specific immune properties. It warrants further exploration of its effectiveness in virus neutralisation and its potential to protect newborns. This will also be a reference for vaccine recommendations for pregnant and young women against the Nipa Virus."

To warn people from consuming raw date palm sap, Professor Dr Tahmina Shirin, Director of IEDCR, said, "Recently, we are observing a profound interest among people to consume raw date palm sap and also involve in promoting this culture through social media. People indulge in it without knowing the havoc it can create. Even if someone says they have taken precautions while collecting raw date palm sap, we would urge everyone not to drink raw date palm sap because it is still unsafe."

Dr Tahmeed Ahmed, Executive Director at icddr,b appreciated the collaborative efforts and said, "icddr,b in partnership with the Government of Bangladesh has been running the world's longest Nipah virus surveillance to detect Nipah Virus outbreaks, understanding the disease transmission, and finding new knowledge and insights that can help develop therapeutics and vaccines against this deadly infection. The effort has been rewarding, and I hope we will soon have effective preventive measures and treatments, and be able to save lives."

NiV is a zoonotic virus (it is transmitted from animals to humans) and can also be transmitted through foods contaminated by animals or directly between people. Fruit bats from the genus Pteropus are its natural reservoir, and NiV, one of present time's fatal emerging pathogens. In Bangladesh, the virus was first reported in 2001, and since then, the NiV has become endemic to this densely populated country, with confirmed cases reported almost every year. Until January 2023, a total of 331 cases of NiV infection have been reported, and 236 patients died.

 

Article link: https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/8/1/16/pdf?version=1672288783 

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Updated on 29.01.2023

ARA